DOWD, Charles Ferdinand, educator, born in Madison, Connecticut, 25 April, 1825. Ha was graduated at Yale in 1853, and has successively held the posts of principal of the preparatory department of Newton university, Baltimore, Maryland, professor of mathematics there, principal of the high-school, Waterbury, Connecticut, associate principal of the Connecticut normal school at New Britain, superintendent of public schools, Waterbury, Connecticut, principal of the Granville (N. Y.) military academy, and president of Temple Grove seminary, Saratoga Springs, New York He conceived the idea of adopting one standard for railway time, and after submitting it to a railway convention in New York city in October, 1869, he devised a complete plan, which he published, with a map (1870). Professor Dowd attended conventions of railway managers in Boston, in New York, and in the west, and finally secured the adoption of the present system of railway standard time, which is a modification of his first plan. In this system the country is divided into sections, in each of which the time is made uniform, and the standards in adjacent sections differ by one hour. It went into effect on 18 November, 1883. Professor Dowd received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of New York in 1888. He is writing "A Theory of Ethics."