LIMA E SILVA, Francisco de (lee'-mah), Brazilian soldier, born in Rio Janeiro, 8 July, 1785; died there, 2 December, 1853. At five years of age he was entered as cadet in the regiment of Braganaa, which was commanded by his father, and rose in rank until he became his father's successor. In 1821 he was active in the cause of independence, and rendered great service to the city of Rio Janeiro in keeping order in that time of popular commotion. During the republican revolution in Pernambuco in 1824, Lima was sent as general of the forces to repress the rebellion, and was also made provisional president of the province. At the beginning he employed severe measures, but after the suppression of the movement made every effort to prevent the execution of the leaders. He was appointed governor of the province of S. Paulo in 1828, in 1829 commander of the forces in Rio Janeiro, and in 1831 of those in the province of S. Paulo, but on 7 April of the same year he was elected a member of the regency. Lima received the decree of abdication of Pedro I., and read it to the troops, proclaiming Pedro II. emperor of Brazil. He was regent of the empire four years, and by his calmness and prudence prevented many public evils. He organized the army, tried to settle the difficulties of the national treasury, which was in a wretched condition, and endeavored to preserve the public peace. On 12 October, 1885, Father Feijo was appointed sole regent, and Lima retired to private life. In 1837 he was elected senator by the province of Rio de Janeiro, and in that year the assembly voted him a pension. In 1840 he took an active part in declaring the majority of Pedro Ii.--His son, Luis Alves, Brazilian soldier, born in Estrella, 25 August, 1803, was entered as a cadet in the 1st regiment of the line in 1808, and finished his studies in the military academy in 1819. In 1822 he was appointed by Pedro I. adjutant of the battalion of the emperor, and fought in Bahia against the Portuguese troops. After the abdication of Pedro I. in 1831, when Rio Janeiro was in danger of being sacked by a mob, lama formed among his friends and fellow officers a force for the security of the city, and was appointed second in command. In 1837, as a colonel, he accompanied the secretary of war in the campaign of Rio Grande do Sul, and on 14 December, 1839, he was appointed president of the province of Maranhao, which office he held till 1841. In that year he was promoted to brigadier and created Baron of Caxias, and the province of Maranhao elected him its representative to congress. On 18 May, 1842, he was appointed commander-in-chief and vice president of the province of S. Paulo, which he pacified before 23 July. The emperor now made him his adjutant, and two days afterward sent him as commander of the forces to the province of Mina, where, by the battle of Santa Luzia, on 20 August, he put an end to a revolution. On his return he was promoted major-general and sent to the province of Rio Grande, where, in two years, he re-established peace. He then was created Count of Caxias, and elected senator for the province of Rio Grande. He was in congress till 1851, in which year he was appointed for the second time president of the province of Rio Grande and commander of the army that was to invade the Argentine Republic. At the head of 20,000 men, aided by Generals Urquiza and Garson, he defeated Rosas in Arroyo Moron on 3 February, 1852, and on his return he was made a marquis and lieutenant-general. On 14 July, 1855, he was appointed secretary of war, and in September, 1856, president of the imperial council. In 1866 he was promoted to field-marshal and appointed to command the army against the republic of Paraguay. Under his command the Brazilians defeated the enemy at Villeta, Angostura, and Loma Valentara, and on 5 January, 1869, entered Asuncion. On 23 March he was created Duke of Caxias.