Virtual Museum of Art | Virtual Museum of History | Virtual Public Library | Virtual Science Center | Virtual Museum of Natural History | Virtual War Museum
   You are in: Museum of History >> Hall of North and South Americans >> Francisco Garcia-Calderon





The Seven Flags of the New Orleans Tri-Centennial 1718-2018

For more information go to New Orleans 300th Birthday

 

Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 and 1999. Virtualology.com warns that these 19th Century biographies contain errors and bias. We rely on volunteers to edit the historic biographies on a continual basis. If you would like to edit this biography please submit a rewritten biography in text form . If acceptable, the new biography will be published above the 19th Century Appleton's Cyclopedia Biography citing the volunteer editor




Virtual American Biographies

Over 30,000 personalities with thousands of 19th Century illustrations, signatures, and exceptional life stories. Virtualology.com welcomes editing and additions to the biographies. To become this site's editor or a contributor Click Here or e-mail Virtualology here.



A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

 



Francisco Garcia-Calderon

Francisco Garcia Calderon -  A Stan Klos Website

GARCIA-CALDERON, Francisco, Peruvian statesman, born in Arequipa. 18 April, l829; died 1909. In 1842 he entered the College of the Independencia in his native City, where he was graduated in law, and was appointed professor of philosophy and mathematics in 1849. In 1850 he obtained the degree of LL. D., and in 1852 was admitted to the bar of the superior court of Arequipa, being appointed in 1854 professor of jurisprudence of the University, he was elected deputy to congress and president of the chamber in 1867, and in 1868 was secretary of the treasury.

 

After the occupation of Lima by the Chileans, 16 January 1881, the conquerors refused to treat for peace with Pierola, and the citizens started a movement for the election of a provisional government. The Chilean governor favored the idea, and Garcia-Calderon was elected. He called together the old congress, which had been elected before the war, but only a few representatives answered his summons. The congress refused to authorize the president to consent to any permanent cession of Peruvian territory, and was dissolved by an order of Admiral Lynch on 23 August.

 

Meanwhile Garcia was buoyed up with the hope of an intervention by the United States, and was arrested by order of the Chilean governor, on 6 November, on the pretext that he had solicited foreign intervention. A few days afterward he was transported to Chile, and kept prisoner on parole in Santiago till the end of the year, when Garcia returned to Lima.

 

On the installment of Yglesias's government in 1884, Garcia was elected to the senate and appointed president of that body, which position he still holds (1887). He is a corresponding member of the Spanish academy, member of many South American literary and scientific societies, has contributed largely to current literature, and has published a "Diccionario de la Legislatión Peruana" (1859-'62).

 

According to later documents in the Mandeville Special Collections Library at the University of California, San Diego, Garcia Calderon was a key figure in the final peace accords between Peru and Chile:

“Commissioned in 1892 to arbitrate the land disputes between Peru and Ecuador, he compiled a history of the contested provinces of Mainas, Jaen and Tumbes. According to Garcia Calderon, the King of Spain decreed in 1802 that the territory of Mainas be transferred from the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada to that of Peru. This event marked the beginning of a legal tug-of-war over the territories involving the archdiocese of Lima, the presidency of Ecuador and the viceroyalties of Peru and Nueva Granada. The first time these lands were publicly disputed was shortly after independence in 1822, when half of the Peruvian territory gained its sovereignty and the other half remained subject to the king's rule. Ecuador alleged that the Royal Decree of 1802 did not modify the demarcation between Peru and Ecuador, while Peru's position was that the royal decree effectively divided the territory.

“Basing its argument on the assumption that colonial divisions were no longer valid, Ecuador claimed that the Peruvian state lost possession of the lands with independence. In spite of this claim, Peru centered its defense on the Royal Decree of 1802, arguing that royal decrees concerning land division transcended the territorial division of the nineteenth century. Discrediting or validating the royal decree of 1802 became the point of contention for both countries.

“The argumentation was reduced to the rubrics of semantics and philology when the words chosen by the magistrate in charge of these divisions, Don Francisco Requena, left an opening for both countries to interpret the document to their advantage. Furthermore, both countries conjured up the memory and goals of Simon Bolivar as patriotic justifications to support their claims. The situation was further complicated by the Herrera-Garcia Treaty, in which Ecuador recognized that the provinces of Tumbes and Jaen did effectively belong to Peru. Ecuador later renounced the treaty.

“In another international dispute, Garcia Calderon served as the guarantor of the contract between the Peruvian government and Nicolas Barbier and Tranquille Fenestre, French citizens residing in France, to build French-designed lighthouses along the Peruvian coast. The contract was made through L.V. de Champeux, a French citizen residing in Lima, and stipulated that the firm of Barbier and Fenestre would be in charge of all lighting along the Peruvian coast. Garcia Calderon became involved when disputes over payment for services and other disagreements were brought up in 1895. In the early 1900s, Garcia Calderon's heirs claimed an amount of money connected with the initial contract.”

 

 

Edited Appletons Encyclopedia by John Looby, Copyright © 2001 StanKlos.comTM

 

GARCIA-CALDERON, Francisco, Peruvian statesman, born in Arequipa. 18 April, l829. In 1842 he entered the College of the Independencia in his native City, where he was graduated in law, and was appointed professor of philosophy and mathematics in 1849. In 1850 he obtained the degree of LL. D., and in 1852 was admitted to the bar of the superior court of Arequipa, being appointed in 1854 professor of jurisprudence of the University, fie was elected deputy to congress and president of the chamber in 1867, and in 1868 was secretary of the treasury. After the occupation of Lima by the Chilians, 16 January 1881, the conquerors refused to treat for peace with Pierola, and the citizens started a movement for the election of a provisional government. The Chilian governor favored the idea, and Garcia-Calderon was elected. He called together the old congress, which had been elected before the war, but only a few representatives answered his summons. The congress refused to authorize the president to consent to any permanent cession of Peruvian territory, and was dissolved by an order of Admiral Lynch on 23 August Meanwhile Garcia was buoyed up with the hope of an intervention by the United States, and was at-rested by order of the Chilian governor, on 6 November, on the pretext that he had solicited foreign intervention. A few days afterward they were transported to Chili, and kept prisoners on parole in Santiago till the end of the year, when Garcia returned to Lima. On the installment of Yglesias's government in 1884, Garcia was elected to the senate and appointed president of that body, which position he still holds (1887). He is a corresponding member of the Spanish academy, member of many South American literary and scientific societies, has contributed largely to current literature, and has published a "Diccionario de la Legislation Peruana" (1859-'62).

Edited Appletons Encyclopedia, Copyright © 2001 VirtualologyTM

Start your search on Francisco Garcia-Calderon.


 

 


 


Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject's entire name. Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon submission and Evisum, Inc. review.

Copyright© 2000 by Evisum Inc.TM. All rights reserved.
Evisum Inc.TM Privacy Policy

Search:

About Us

 

 

Image Use

Please join us in our mission to incorporate The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America discovery-based curriculum into the classroom of every primary and secondary school in the United States of America by July 2, 2026, the nation’s 250th birthday. , the United States of America: We The People Click Here

 

Historic Documents

Articles of Association

Articles of Confederation 1775

Articles of Confederation

Article the First

Coin Act

Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg Address

Monroe Doctrine

Northwest Ordinance

No Taxation Without Representation

Thanksgiving Proclamations

Mayflower Compact

Treaty of Paris 1763

Treaty of Paris 1783

Treaty of Versailles

United Nations Charter

United States In Congress Assembled

US Bill of Rights

United States Constitution

US Continental Congress

US Constitution of 1777

US Constitution of 1787

Virginia Declaration of Rights

 

Historic Events

Battle of New Orleans

Battle of Yorktown

Cabinet Room

Civil Rights Movement

Federalist Papers

Fort Duquesne

Fort Necessity

Fort Pitt

French and Indian War

Jumonville Glen

Manhattan Project

Stamp Act Congress

Underground Railroad

US Hospitality

US Presidency

Vietnam War

War of 1812

West Virginia Statehood

Woman Suffrage

World War I

World War II

 

Is it Real?



Declaration of
Independence

Digital Authentication
Click Here

 

America’s Four Republics
The More or Less United States

 
Continental Congress
U.C. Presidents

Peyton Randolph

Henry Middleton

Peyton Randolph

John Hancock

  

Continental Congress
U.S. Presidents

John Hancock

Henry Laurens

John Jay

Samuel Huntington

  

Constitution of 1777
U.S. Presidents

Samuel Huntington

Samuel Johnston
Elected but declined the office

Thomas McKean

John Hanson

Elias Boudinot

Thomas Mifflin

Richard Henry Lee

John Hancock
[
Chairman David Ramsay]

Nathaniel Gorham

Arthur St. Clair

Cyrus Griffin

  

Constitution of 1787
U.S. Presidents

George Washington 

John Adams
Federalist Party


Thomas Jefferson
Republican* Party

James Madison 
Republican* Party

James Monroe
Republican* Party

John Quincy Adams
Republican* Party
Whig Party

Andrew Jackson
Republican* Party
Democratic Party


Martin Van Buren
Democratic Party

William H. Harrison
Whig Party

John Tyler
Whig Party

James K. Polk
Democratic Party

David Atchison**
Democratic Party

Zachary Taylor
Whig Party

Millard Fillmore
Whig Party

Franklin Pierce
Democratic Party

James Buchanan
Democratic Party


Abraham Lincoln 
Republican Party

Jefferson Davis***
Democratic Party

Andrew Johnson
Republican Party

Ulysses S. Grant 
Republican Party

Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican Party

James A. Garfield
Republican Party

Chester Arthur 
Republican Party

Grover Cleveland
Democratic Party

Benjamin Harrison
Republican Party

Grover Cleveland 
Democratic Party

William McKinley
Republican Party

Theodore Roosevelt
Republican Party

William H. Taft 
Republican Party

Woodrow Wilson
Democratic Party

Warren G. Harding 
Republican Party

Calvin Coolidge
Republican Party

Herbert C. Hoover
Republican Party

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic Party

Harry S. Truman
Democratic Party

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican Party

John F. Kennedy
Democratic Party

Lyndon B. Johnson 
Democratic Party 

Richard M. Nixon 
Republican Party

Gerald R. Ford 
Republican Party

James Earl Carter, Jr. 
Democratic Party

Ronald Wilson Reagan 
Republican Party

George H. W. Bush
Republican Party 

William Jefferson Clinton
Democratic Party

George W. Bush 
Republican Party

Barack H. Obama
Democratic Party

Please Visit

Forgotten Founders
Norwich, CT

Annapolis Continental
Congress Society


U.S. Presidency
& Hospitality

© Stan Klos

 

 

 

 


Virtual Museum of Art | Virtual Museum of History | Virtual Public Library | Virtual Science Center | Virtual Museum of Natural History | Virtual War Museum