WINCHELL, James Manning, clergyman, born in North East, Dutchess County, New York, 8 September, 1791; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 22 February, 1820. He entered Union college in 1808, but, deciding to become a minister, preferred to finish at a Baptist institution, and was graduated at Brown in 1812. Mr. Winchell was licensed by the Baptist church in North East on 4 October, 1812, and accepted an invitation to supply the pulpit in Bristol, Rhode Island, for a year. He was then called to the 1st Baptist church in Boston, and was publicly recognized in that place on 14 March, 1814. Here he remained until his death, and won a high reputation for eloquence, and suavity and grace of manner. Mr. Winchell was one of the editors of the "American Baptist Magazine," and published "Jubilee Sermons: Two Discourses. exhibiting an Historical Sketch of the First Baptist Church in Boston from 1665 to 1818 " (Boston, 1819), and "Watts's Psalms and Hymns, with a Supplement" (1820). The latter, known as "Winchell's Watts," was long used by the Baptist churches in this country.--his nephew, Alexander, geologist, born in North East, Dutchess County, New York, 31 December, 1824, was graduated at Wesleyan in 1847, and spent the following year in teaching natural science in Pennington seminary, New Jersey In 1848 he became teacher of natural science in the Amenia (N. Y.) seminary, but in 1850 he removed to Alabama, and had charge successively of several institutions. He was called to the chair of physics and civil engineering in the University of Michigan in 1854, and a year later was transferred to the chair of geology, zoology, and botany, which he then held until 1873. In 1866-'9 he filled a similar professorship in the University of Kentucky. Meanwhile he made a survey of a railroad from Ann Arbor to Manchester, and was appointed in 1859 director of the geological survey of Michigan. The beginning of the civil war practically brought the survey to a close, although Professor Winchell made palaeontological researches in the material that it had accumulated, and in his publications established seven new genera and 304 new species, most of which were fossil. In 1869 the geological survey resumed its work, and he was designated as its director, but he resigned in 1871. He accepted the chancellorship of Syracuse university in 1873, but at the end of the year retired from this office to become professor of geology, zoology, and botany. In 1875 he was invited to fill a similar chair in Vanderbilt university, and thereafter until 1878 continued to divide his time between the two institutions. As he had contributed by editorial request certain articles to the " Northern Christian Advocate," in which he defended a belief in the existence of a preadamite race, and as he was understood to hold the doctrine of evolution, his resignation from the professorship at Vanderbilt was asked by Bishop Holland N. McTyeire, president of the" board of trustees of that university. Professor Winchell refused, and his lectureship was declared abolished by the college authorities. In 1879 he was recalled to the chair of geology and palaeontology in the University of Michigan, which he still retains. He was actively connected in 1886-'7 with the geological survey of Minnesota. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Wesleyan in 1867, and his name has been assigned to fourteen new species. Professor Winchell has lectured extensively on geology, and contributed to numerous periodicals. By his investigations he has established the Marshall group in American geology. His bibliography includes about 200 titles. In addition to his reports on geology, he has published "Genealogy of the Family of Winchell in America" (Ann Arbor, 1869) ; "Sketches of Creation" (New York, 1870) ; " A Geological Chart" (1870) ; "Michigan," being condensed popular sketches of the topography, climate, and geology of the state (1873); "The Doctrine of Evolution" (1874) ; "Reconciliation of Science and Religion" (1877) ; "Preadamites, or a Demonstration of Existence of Men before Adam" (Chicago, 1880); "Sparks from a Geologist's Hammer" (1881); "World Life, or Comparative Geology" (1883) ; "Geological Excursions, or the Rudiments of Geology for Young Learners" (1884); " Geological Studies, or Elements of Geology" (1886); and "Walks and Talks in the Geological Field" (1886).--Alexander's brother, Newton Horace, geologist, born in North East, Dutchess County, New York, 17 December, 1839, was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1866. In 1860 he had been assistant on the geological survey of Michigan, for which he reported a complete "Catalogue of the Plants of the State of Michigan." In 1866 he became superintendent of public schools in Adrian, Michigan, but resigned in July, 1869, to accept the office of assistant state geologist of Michigan. A year later he joined the geological survey of Ohio, where he remained until 1872, when he became state geologist of Minnesota, in connection with which he is also professor of mineralogy and geology in the University of Minnesota. Professor Winchell is president of the Minnesota academy of natural sciences. In 1887 he was appointed a member of the United States assay commission, and he is managing editor of "The American Geologist," issued at Minneapolis. His bibliography includes nearly fifty titles, and comprises "Annual Reports on the Geology and Natural History Survey of Minnesota" (15 vols., Minneapolis, 1872-'88), and "Geology of Minnesota" (2 vols., 1884-'8).