WARREN, Joseph, physician, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 11 June, 1741 ; died in Charlestown, Massachusetts, 17 June, 1775. He was descended from Peter Warren, whose name appears on the town records of Boston in 1659, where he is called "mariner." Peter's second son, Joseph, built a house in 1.720 in what is now Warren street, Roxbury, and died there in 1729. A view of the homestead is presented on page 365. His son, Joseph, born in 1696, married, 29 Nay, 1740, Mary, daughter of Dr. Samuel Stevens, of Roxbury, and the subject of this sketch was their eldest child. Joseph Warren, the father, was a thrifty farmer, much respected by his townsmen, by whom he was elected to several offices of trust, He was interested in fruit-raising, and introduced into that part of the country the apple long known as the "Warren russet." In October, 1755, while gathering fruit in his orchard, he fell from the ladder and was instantly killed. His son, Joseph, was graduated at Harvard in 1759, and in the following year was appointed master of the Roxbury grammar-school. He studied medicine with Dr. James Lloyd, and began to practise his profession in 1764. He married, 6 September, 1764, Miss Elizabeth Hooton, a young lady who had inherited an ample fortune The passage of the stamp-act in the following year led Dr. Warren to publish several able articles in the Boston "Gazette." About this time began his intimate friend ship with Samuel Adams, who conceived a warm admiration for him, and soon came to regard him as a stanch and clear-headed ally, who could be depended upon under all circumstances. On the occasion of the Townshend acts, Dr. Warren's articles, published under the signature of "A True Patriot," aroused the anger of Governor Francis Bernard, who brought the matter before his council, and endeavored to prosecute Messrs. Edes and Gill, the publishers of the "Gazette," for giving currency to seditious libels ; but the grand jury refused to find a bill against these gentlemen. The affair created much excitement in Boston, and led Governor Bernard to write to Lord Hillsborough, secretary of state for the colonies, recommending the arrest of the publishers on a charge of treason. In the affair of the sloop "Liberty," in June, 1768, Dr. Warren was one of the committee appointed to wait upon the governor at his country-seat at Jamaica Plain, and protest against the impressment of seamen and the vexatious enforcement of the revenue laws. He was present at every town-meeting held in Boston, from the arrival of the British troops in October, 1768, to their removal in March, 1770, and he was one of the committee of safety appointed after the so-called "massacre" on 5 March. In July he was appointed on a committee to consider the condition of the town, and send a report to England. It was apparently of him that a Tory pamphleteer wrote : " One of our most bawling demagogues and voluminous writers is a crazy doctor." In March, 1772, he delivered the anniversary oration upon the "massacre"; in November his name was recorded immediately after those of James Otis and Samuel Adams in the list of the first committee of correspondence. During the next two years he was m active co-operation with Samuel Adams, and when, in August, 1774, that leader went to attend the meeting of the Continental congress at Philadelphia, the leadership of the party in Boston devolved upon Dr. Warren. On 9 September, 1774, the towns of Suffolk county met in convention at Milton, and Dr. Warren read a paper drawn up by himself, and since known as the "Suffolk resolves." The resolutions, which were adopted unanimously, declared that a king who violates the chartered rights of his people forfeits their allegiance ; they declared the regulating act null and void, and ordered all the officers appointed under it to resign their offices at once ; they directed the collectors of taxes to refuse to pay over money to General Gate's treasurer; they advised the towns to choose their own militia officers; and they threatened Gage that, should he venture to arrest anybody for political reasons, they would retaliate by seizing upon the crown officers as hostages. A copy of these resolutions, which virtually placed Massachusetts in an attitude of rebellion, was forwarded to the Continental congress, which forthwith approved them and pledged the faith of all the other colonies that they would aid Massachusetts in case armed resistance should become inevitable. After the meeting of the Provincial congress at Concord in October, Dr. Warren acted as chairman of the committee of safety, charged with the duty of organizing the militia and collecting military stores. As the 5th of March, 1775, drew near, several British officers were heard to declare that any one who should dare to address the people in the Old South church on this occasion would surely lose his life. As soon as he heard of these threats, Dr. Warren solicited for himself the dangerous honor, and at the usual hour delivered a stirring oration upon " the baleful influence of standing armies in time of peace." The concourse in the church was so great that, when the orator arrived, every approach to the pulpit was blocked up; and rather than elbow his way through the crowd, which might lead to some disturbance, he procured a ladder and climbed in through a large window at the back of the pulpit. About forty British officers were present, some of whom sat on the pulpit-steps, and sought to annoy the speaker with groans and hisses, but everything passed off quietly.

On Tuesday evening, 18 April, observing the movements of the British troops, Dr. Warren despatched William Dawes, by way of Roxbury, and Paul Revere, by way of Charlestown, to give the alarm to the people dwelling on the roads toward Concord. Next morning, on hearing the news of the firing at Lexington, he left his patients in charge of his pupil and assistant, William Eustis, and rode off to the scene of action. He seems to have attended a meeting of the committee of safety that morning at the Black Horse tavern in Menotomy (now Arlington), and there to have consulted with General William Heath. By the time Lord Percy reached Menotomy on his retreat, General Heath had assumed command of the militia, and the fighting there was perhaps the severest of the day. Dr. Warren kept his place near Heath, and a pin was struck from his head by a musket-ball. During the next six weeks he was indefatigable in urging on the military preparations of the New England colonies. At the meeting of the Provincial congress at Watertown, 31 Nay, he was unanimously chosen its president, and thus became chief executive officer of Massachusetts under this provisional government. On 14 June he was chosen second major-general of the Massachusetts forces, Artemas Ward being first. On the 16th he presided over the Provincial congress, and passed the night in the transaction of public business. The next morning he met the committee of safety at General Ward's headquarters on Cambridge common, and about noon, hearing that the British troops had landed at Charlestown, he rode over to Bunker Hill. It is said that both Putnam and Prescott successively signified their readiness to take orders from him, but he refused, saying that he had come as a volunteer aide to take a lesson in warfare under such well-tried officers. At the final struggle near Prescott's redoubt, as he was endeavoring to rally the militia, General Warren was struck in the head by a musket-ball and instantly kilted. His remains were deposited in the tomb of George R. Ninot in the Granary burying-ground, whence they were removed in 1825 to the Warren tomb in St. Paul's church, Boston. In 1855 they were again removed to Forest Hills cemetery, where they now repose.

Dr. Warren's wife died, 28 April, 1773, leaving four children. After the death of their father they were left in straitened circumstances until in April, 1778, General Benedict Arnold, who had conceived a warm friendship for Dr. Warren while at Cambridge, came to their relief. Arnold contributed $500 for their education, and succeeded in obtaining from congress the amount of a major-general's half-pay, to be applied to their support from the date of the father's death until the youngest child should be of age. The best biography of Dr. Warren is by Richard Frothingham, "Life and Times of Joseph Warren" (Boston, 1865).--His brother, John, physician, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 27 July, 1753; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 4 April, 1815, was graduated at Harvard in 1771, studied medicine for two years with his brother Joseph, and then began practice in Salem, where he attained rapid success. He attended the wounded at the battle of Bunker Hill, where he received a bayonet-wound in endeavoring to pass a sentry in order to see his brother. Soon afterward he was appointed hospital surgeon, and in 1776 he accompanied the army to New York and New Jersey. He was at Trenton and Princeton, and from 1777 till the close of the war was superintending surgeon of the military hospitals in Boston. For nearly forty years he occupied the foremost place among the surgeons of New England. In 1780 he demonstrated anatomy in a series of dissections before his colleagues, and in 1783 he was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery in the newly established medical school at Harvard. He was first president of the Massachusetts medical society, retaining the office from 1804 till his death. He was also president of the Agricultural society and of the Humane society. He frequently made public addresses, and in 1783 was the first Fourth-of-July orator in Boston. Besides "Memoirs" addressed to the American academy, "Communications" published by the Massachusetts medical society, an "Address" to the Freemasons, in whose lodge he was a grand-master, and articles in the "Journal of Medicine and Surgery," he was the author of "Mercurial Practice in Febrile Diseases." See his life by James Jackson (Boston, 1815), and by his son Edward (1873).--John's son, John Collins, surgeon, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 1 August, 1778; died there, 4 May, 1856, was graduated at Harvard in 1797, studied medicine in London, and formed there a portion of the collection of anatomical preparations which he subsequently gave to the Massachusetts medical college. In 1800 he went to Edinburgh, where he studied chemistry, and in 1801 attended the lectures of Vauquelin, Cuvier, and Desfontaines in Paris. He then settled in Boston. In 1803 he became joint editor of the "Monthly Anthology," gave public demonstrations in anatomy in 1805, was active in establishing the reading-room that was developed into the Boston athenaeum, and formed a private medical society. In 1806 he was chosen adjunct professor in anatomy and surgery in Harvard. In 1810 he assisted in founding a hospital for the destitute, and in 1811 the "New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery." In 1815 he was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery in Harvard. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts general hospital in 1820, and principal surgeon until his death. In 1827 he was elected president of the Boston temperance society. He exercised great caution in performing surgical operations, many of which were hitherto unknown in the United States, and he was almost invariably successful. He was the first to operate for strangulated hernia, and eventually his method was adopted. He introduced the operation for aneurism, and performed it in numerous cases, all of which were successful except two. In 1837 he went to Europe for further study. After his return he became an active member of the Agricultural society of Massachusetts, and improved the breed of cattle by importation of foreign stock. He was also chosen president of the Society of natural history. In 1845 he obtained the most perfect skeleton of the mastodon that exists. In 1846 he gave a new impulse to operative surgery by the introduction of ether, and his advocacy of its use in certain cases led to its general adoption by the profession. Besides frequent contributions to scientific journals, Dr. Warren published "Cases of Organic Diseases of the Heart" (Boston, 1809) ; "Description of an Egyptian Mummy " (1821); "Comparative View of the Sensorial and Nervous Systems in Man and Animals" (1822) ; "Some Account of the Medical School in Boston, and of the Massachusetts General Hospital "(1824); "Letter to Hon. I. Parker on the Dislocation of the Hip-Joint, etc." (Cambridge, 1826); "Description of the Siamese Twins" (Boston, 1829) ; "Surgical Observations on Tumors: with Cases and Observations" (1837); "Physical Education and the Preservation of Health" (Boston, 1846); "Etherization : with Surgical Remarks" (1848) : "Effects of Chloroform and of Strong Chloric Ether as Narcotic Agents" (1849) ; "Description of a Skeleton of the Mastodon Giganteus of North America" (1852); "Remarks on Some Fossil Impressions in the Sandstone Rocks of Connecticut River" (1854) ; "Genealogy of Warren, with Some Historical Sketches" (1854) ; and "The Great Tree on Boston Common" (1855). See "The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D., compiled chiefly from his Autobiography and Journals," by his brother Edward (2 vols., Boston, 1860).--John's son, Edward, physician, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 19 December, 1804, was graduated at Harvard in 1826, and at the medical school in 1829, began practice in Boston, removed in 1840 to Newton Falls, and while continuing to practise his profession engaged in agriculture. Among his medical writings are a "Sketch of the Progress of Cholera in America in 1832"; three Boylston prize essays on " Scrofula," " Rheumatism," and "Erysipelatous Inflammation." which were published together (Philadelphia, 1840).--A son of John Collins, Jonathan Mason, surgeon, born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1811; died there, 19 August, 1867, was graduated at the medical department of Harvard in 1832, and afterward studied in London and Paris. He established himself in Boston, where for twenty years he was attending physician to the Massachusetts general hospital. He performed a great variety of operations, and was a voluminous contributor to medical literature. His chief work was "Surgical Observations, with Cases and Operations" (Boston, 1867). His wife was daughter of Governor John Collins.--Jonathan Mason's son, John Collins, physician, born in Boston, 4 May, 1842, was graduated at Harvard in 1863 and at Harvard medical school in 1866, studied two years at the Imperial hospital in Vienna, and afterward with several eminent surgeons in Berlin, Paris, and London, and began the practice of his profession in Boston in 1869. He is now surgeon in the Massachusetts general hospital, and since 1887 has been associate professor of surgery in the Harvard medical school. He was editor of the "Boston Medical and Surgical Journal" in 1873-'81, and is author of "Anatomy of Keloid," in "Archives of the Imperim Academy of Sciences" (Vienna, 1869) ; "Anatomy and Development of Rodent Ulcer" (Boston, 1872) ; "Pathology of Carbuncle and Columnae Adiposae" (1879) ; and "Healing of Arteries after Ligature in Men and Animals" (New York, 1886).