TURNBULL, Laurence, physician, born in Shotts, Lanarkshire, Scotland, 10 September, 1821. He was graduated at the Philadelphia college of pharmacy in 1842, taking as his thesis "Salicine," which he had found in the populus tremuloides, and then engaged in the business of manufacturing chemicals. For his success in the production of citrate of iron he received an award of merit from the Franklin institute, and he also discovered that biborate of sodium would bleach colored oils and ointments. Entering the office of Dr. John K. Mitchell, he studied medicine, and was graduated at the Jefferson medical college in 1845. He was appointed resident physician of the Philadelphia hospital in 1845, and was out-door physician to the guardians of the poor in 1846-'8, also vaccine physician to the city of Philadelphia in 1847-'50. Meanwhile, in 1848-'50, he was lecturer on chemistry applied to the arts in Franklin institute, and from 1857 till 1887 he was physician to the department of diseases of the eye and ear in the Howard hospital. At the beginning of the civil war he was a volunteer surgeon in the hospital-department service on Potomac river, for the relief of the Pennsylvania troops, in Emery hospital, and at Fort Monroe. Dr. Turnbull has made a specialty of diseases of the ear, and is aural surgeon of the Jefferson medical college hospital, and superintendent of the ear clinic in 1877-'88. Besides holding membership in various medical societies, he presided over the section in otology of the American medical association in 1880, and of the British medical association in 1881; and he was chosen delegate to the section in otology of the British medical association in 1888, and to the congress of otology that convened in Brussels, Belgium, in September, 1888. Dr. Turnbull has contributed largely to medical literature, and, in addition to memoirs" On the Use of Belladonna," and " On Whooping-Cough," he has published " The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, with an Historical Account of its Rise, Progress, and Present Condition" (Philadelphia, 1859) ; "Defective and Impaired Vision, with the Clinical Use of the Ophthalmoscope in their Diagnosis and Treatment" (1859); " Hints and Observations on Military Hygiene" (1862); " Imperfect Hearing and Hygiene of the Ear" (1871) ; "The Nature and Treatment of Nervous Deafness," with an additional translation of Duchenne's work on the same subject (1874) ; "A Clinical Manual of the Diseases of the Ear" (1881) ; and "A Manual of Anaesthetic Agents and their Employment in the Treatment of Disease" (1885).--His son, Charles Smith, physician, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10 November, 1847, was graduated at the Philadelphia central high-school in 1868, and at the auxiliary department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1869, with the degree of Ph.D., also at the medical department of the same university in 1871. During the following year he was surgeon to the United States geological survey in Wyoming and Montana territories, and in 1873-'4 he was resident surgeon of the New York ophthalmic and aural institute. The years 1874-'5 were spent in study in the ophthalmic and aural departments of the Imperial general hospital in Vienna, and on his return he settled in Philadelphia, devoting his attention entirely to the practice of ophthalmology and otology. Dr. Turnbull is chief of the aural department of Jefferson medical college, and ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the Howard, St. Christopher, German, and Jewish hospitals, and the Home for incurables. He is a member of the county, state, and National medical societies, and is a fellow of the Philadelphia college of physicians, and is associate editor in charge of the department of otology in the "Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences" (Philadelphia, 1888). During his residence abroad he contributed letters to the "Medical and Surgical Reporter" of Philadelphia, and he translated Arlt's "Injuries of the Eye and their Medico-Legal Aspects" (Philadelphia, 1878); Gruber's " Tenotomy of the Tensor Tympani Muscle" (1879); and Bruner's " On the Methods of Connections of the Ossicles" (1880).