VIVANCO, Manuel Ignacio de (ve-vahn'-co), Peruvian soldier, born in Lima in 1806; died in Santiago, Chile, in 1873. He was destined by his parents for a literary career, and was a student in the College of San Carlos, of Lima, when San Martin landed with the liberating army. Leaving college, he entered the patriotic ranks, and after 1821 took part in all the campaigns for independence, being present in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho.

After the war he continued in the army, and was appointed director of the military college. At different times he was prefect of several of the departments of the republic, including Arequipa, where he was idolized by the people. After the death of Gamarra and the strife between General Torrico and General Vidal, Vivanco proclaimed himself, on 20 April, 1843, supreme director of the nation.

But the anarchy and intestine strife continued; Castillo overthrew Vivanco's government in 1845, and the latter was exiled. In 1851 he was proclaimed presidential candidate by a military rising in Arequipa, but his followers were soon defeated. In 1856 he returned secretly from exile, and the whole population of Arequipa rose under his banner against the dictator.

Castillo marched against Arequipa, and, although Lizardo Montero, who had mutinied with the frigate "Apurimac" and declared for Vivanco, occupied Islay and in 1857 Arica, thus cutting off the dictator's communications, Vivanco was besieged, and in 1858 defeated at Arequipa and again sought exile.

After Castillo's fall in 1862 Vivanco returned to his country, and was appointed by San Roman minister to Chile, whence he was recalled by General Pezet to negotiate with Spain the treaty of 27 January, 1865. When the government of Pezet was overthrown in November, 1865, Prado exiled Vivanco again; but he returned in 1868 and was elected senator for the department of Arequipa. The Spanish academy appointed him a corresponding member.

In 1873 he went to Chile for the restoration of his health, and died there. He was a brilliant and accomplished statesman, but his turbulent spirit kept him in continuous strife, and by his repeated revolutions he contributed to the demoralization of his country.

VIVANCO, Manuel Ignacio de (ve-vahn'-co), Peruvian soldier, born in Lima in 1806; died in Santiago, Chili, in 1873. He was destined by his parents for a literary career, and was a student in the College of San Carlos, of Lima, when San Martin landed with the liberating army. Leaving college, he entered the patriotic ranks, and after 1821 took part in all the campaigns for independence, being present in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho. After the war he continued in the army, and was appointed director of the military college. At different times he was prefect of several of the departments of the republic, including Arequipa, where he was idolized by the people. After the death of Gamarra and the strife between General Torrico and General Vidal, Vivanco proclaimed himself, on 20 April, 1843, supreme director of the nation. But the anarchy and intestine strife continued; Castilla overthrew Vivanco's government in 1845, and the latter was exiled. In 1851 he was proclaimed presidential candidate by a military rising in Arequipa, but his followers were soon defeated. In 1856 he returned secretly from exile, and the whole population of Arequipa rose under his banner against the dictator. Castillo marched against Arequipa, and, although Lizardo Montero, who had mutinied with the frigate "Apurimac" and declared for Vivaneo, occupied Islay and in 1857 Arica, thus cutting off the dictator's communications, Vivanco was besieged, and in 1858 defeated at Arequipa and again sought exile. After Castillo's fall in 1862 Vivanco returned to his country, and was appointed by San Roman minister to Chili, whence he was recalled by General Pezet to negotiate with Spain the treaty of 27 January, 1865. When the government of Pezet was overthrown in November, 1865, Prado exiled Vi-yahoo again; but he returned in 1868 and was elected senator for the department of Arequipa. The Spanish academy appointed him a corresponding member. In 1873 he went to Chili for the restoration of his health, and died there. He was a brilliant and accomplished statesman, but his turbulent spirit kept him in continuous strife, and by his repeated revolutions he contributed to the demoralization of his country.

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Samuel Huntington
First President of the United States of America
in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to July 6, 1781

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