OUVRIER, Pierre Gustave, French historian, born in Calais in 1765; died there in 1822. After finishing his studies, he was for some time a clerk in a Calais shipping-house, and in 1789 came to Philadelphia as agent of his firm. But the French revolution and the war with Great Britain ruined his employers, and he became a teacher of languages. In 1795 Pierre Adet, then French chargé d’affaires in Philadelphia, appointed him chancellor to the French consulate, and afterward sent him to explore the southern and central states, while Pallssot (q. v.) visited the northern states.

Ouvrier descended the Mississippi to New Orleans, sailed up Missouri and Arkansas rivers, and took the bard-metrical level of points along their banks, traveled for two months through the Indian reservations, and explored Louisiana, Missouri, northern Texas, Georgia, both Carolinas, Ohio, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and southern Illinois, during 1796-1804, forming a valuable collection of historical documents.

On his return to Philadelphia he resumed his labors as teacher, but, through the aid of wealthy citizens who had become interested in his works, he was afterward afforded the means to devote himself exclusively to historical researches. Obtaining access to the Federal archives and to those of several states, he made copies of important documents, and also explored the principal libraries of the country in 1808-'14.

Returning to France after the restoration of Louis XVIII, he secured employment in the department of taxes of his native city, which he held to the time of his death. His valuable collections were afterward bought at auction by the National library of Berlin, where they still remain. He published, among other works, "Histoire politique et civile des Etats-Unis de l'Amerique du Nord" (3 vols., Calais. 1819), and "Etudes critiques sur la constitution politique des Etats-Unis de l'Amerique du Nord, et des contradictions qui existent entre elle et les lois civiles des divers etats de l'union" (1822).

OUVRIER, Pierre Gustave, French historian, born in Calais in 1765; died there in 1822. After finishing his studies, he was for some time a clerk in a Calais shipping-house, and in 1789 came to Philadelphia as agent of his firm. But the French revolution and the war with Great Britain ruined his employers, and he became a teacher of languages. In 1795 Pierre Adet, then French charge d>affaires in Philadelphia, appointed him chancellor to the French consulate, and afterward sent him to explore the southern and central states, while Palls-sot (q. v.) visited the northern states. Ouvrier descended the Mississippi to New Orleans, sailed up Missouri and Arkansas rivers, and took the bard-metrical level of points along their banks, travelled for two months through the Indian reservations, and explored Louisiana, Missouri, northern Texas, Georgia, both Carolinas, Ohio, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and southern Illinois, during 1796-1804, forming a valuable collection of historical documents. On his return to Philadelphia he resumed his labors as teacher, but, through the aid of wealthy citizens who had become interested in his works, he was afterward afforded the means to devote himself exclusively to historical researches. Obtaining access to the Federal archives and to those of several states, he made copies of important documents, and also explored the principal libraries of the country in 1808-'14. Returning to France after the restoration of Louis XVIII., he secured employment in the department of taxes of his native city, which he held to the time of his death. His valuable collections were afterward bought at auction by the National library of Berlin, where they still remain. He published, among other works, " Histoire politique et civile des Etats-Unis de l'Amerique du Nord" (3 vols., Calais. 1819), and "Etudes critiques sur la constitution politique des Etats-Unis de l'Amerique du Nord, et des contradictions qui existent entre elle et les lois civiles des divers etats de l'union " (1822). 0VALLE, Alfonso de (o-val'-yeh), Chilian clergyman, born in Santiago, Chili, in 1601; died in Lima, Peru, 11 March, 1651. He belonged to a noble faro-. fly and abandoned brilliant prospects to become a Jesuit. After teaching philosophy for some time, he was made director of the novitiate of Santiago. He was next raised to the rank of procurator of his order throughout Chili, and was appointed deputy to the general congregation of Jesuits held in Rome in 1640. Several priests, attracted by his gentle manners, followed him to Chili from Europe. He stationed them at various points in Peru where pastors were wanted. He then devoted himself so zealously to his missionary duties that his health failed rapidly. His principal works are "Epistola ad Praepositum Generalem Societatis Jesu qua stature in Provincia Chilensis exponit" (Madrid, 1642, in fol.); "Historica relacion del Reyno de Chile, y de las misiones, y ministerios que ejercita en el la compa ilia de Jesus " (Rome, 1646, in fol., with maps and plates). An Italian translation appeared in 1646 (Rome, in 4to). This history of Chili is very rare and much sought after. It was translated into English and was published in the collection of " Travels" edited by Ownsham and John Churchill (London, 1704, 4 vol. in fol. ; also London, 1732, 1744-'6).

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Born in a Tavern and ending in a Tavern The United States Founding governments
occupied 11 different capitol buildings experienced 15 years of challenges that included war,
hyper-inflation, a failed constitution, judicial corruption, armed citizen and U.S. Army rebellion.

Which U.S. President adopted the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention
resolution, enacted the Northwest Ordinance, and backed George Washington,
James Madison and Nathaniel Gorham's resolution to submit the new U.S.
Constitution to the States for ratification without Congressional alterations?

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