DUGDALE, Richard L., political economist, born in Paris, France, in 1841" died in New York City, 23 July 1883. His father was engaged in business in France, but, owing to pecuniary losses, returned to England in 1848. Here the son developed artistic talent, which led to his being placed in the government drawing school at Somerset House. In 1851 his family came to New York. At the age of fourteen he was employed by a sculptor to do some artistic work, which he accomplished with much credit. For a time he resided in Indiana, but returned to New York, where he entered into mercantile business and attended the night schools at Cooper Union, distinguishing himself in the debating clubs. He was secretary of the section on sociology of the New York association for the advancement of science and the arts, of the New York social science society, of the New York sociology club, and of the Civil service reform association; treasurer of the New York liberal club, and vice president of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals. He became a member of the New York prison association in 1868, to whose work he gave his first attention. His aim was to improve prison discipline and the treatment of convicts, and to obtain practical aid for them after their release. He visited many prisons, learned the histories of criminals, and published "The Jukes, Hereditary Crime" (New York, 1877), which attracted much attention both in this country and in Europe. In "Further Studies of Criminals" he briefly draws the lessons learned from his investigations. He also published essays on sociological subjects in various periodicals.